Constellation regards the mobile client as a full node, thus forming a distributed operating system with strong fault resistance and horizontal scalability. And, Constellation uses an asynchronous ExtendedTrustChain, Meme of Meme consensus model, with smart contracts as composable microservices that use the JVM, re-expressing secure consensus as a modern serverless architecture.

Project advantages

Scalability
Network capacity is directly proportional to user adoption, becoming more secure as it grows. On Constellation (DAG), the more connections you make, the more bandwidth individuals and networks receive.
True decentralization
Reputation-based consensus stops centralization and manipulation. Horoscopes are based on individual or group integrity, not power.
Ease for Developers
We don't need custom or complex programming languages. Constellation (DAG) uses existing programming and distributed computing standards. You can integrate existing applications or develop in the JVM.
Cross-Network Communication
Constellation enables interoperability between existing and new networks. Thanks to our consensus and reputation model, they can be used without security issues.

Project function

Use Cases
Constellation networks consist of DAG nodes, state channel nodes, and "hybrid" nodes that perform consensus over multiple state channels and DAGs. Each state channel can "authorize" or share its data to an account by granting access by paying in DAG or by granting a throughput permission to verify the data as a node operator (unique state channel node or hybrid). Hybrid nodes allow direct license exchange via atomic commits from hybrid nodes.
Output Value
It is important to understand that, in contrast to traditional blockchain solutions, Constellation Network architecture is based on the idea of ​​microservices. This means that different types of application-specific or task-specific hybrid nodes can be foreseen as network adoption grows. Hybrid nodes will eventually allow cross-chain liquidity, while DAGs are the financial aspects that tie together all types of state channels, data or currencies.

Project FAQ

The asynchronous data processing feature of DAG makes it possible for attackers to use the information difference between nodes to perform double spending. If there is no explicit parent-child relationship between two vertices, an attacker can double spend the same deposit at different nodes that only see one of the two vertices.
The second is the problem of shadow chains. DAG allows multiple parallel transactions. The attacker may secretly allow multiple nodes to conspire to generate a high-weight shadow chain, and connect the shadow chain to the main chain from time to time to evade the detection algorithm. In this way, in extreme cases, the shadow chain can replace the main chain as the consensus of the entire network.
The third point is that the current DAG model may not be able to get enough confirmations for the transactions of many edge nodes.

Project Evaluation

Generally speaking, the DAG structure is currently only suitable for specific application scenarios, and there are many problems to be solved. The consensus mechanism has just begun to be improved, and there is a lot of room for development. At present, I think it is a trend to further optimize DAG, the so-called routing. I personally think that in a network, routing is the most important. The main function of routing is to prevent loops and find the optimal path. With routing, the entire network can handle larger amounts of data more optimally, and be more stable and secure.
Since IOTA is built for large-scale applications, for security reasons, an autonomous and temporary Consensus mechanism: coordinator. Every two minutes, the IOTA Foundation creates a milestone transaction, and all transactions confirmed by it are immediately considered with 100% confirmation confidence. The coordinator acts as a protection mechanism in the early development stage of the IOTA network. When the complete Tangle distributed consensus algorithm starts to function, the IOTA Foundation will shut down the coordinator, allowing the Tangle to evolve and develop entirely on its own. This will happen in an iterative phase, and when the network matures enough to get rid of the coordinator, the network itself will immediately become more efficient.

Related links:
https://www.chainwhy.com/coin/dag/
https://www.wanbizu.com/xinbi/20191227141835. html

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