NULS-NULSDetailed Description

NULS-NULS Detailed Description

NULS (NULS) is a blockchain infrastructure for customized services, a global open source community project. NULS adopts the idea of micro-services to realize a highly modular underlying architecture, uses technologies such as module warehouses, smart contracts, and cross-chains, and combines the ability of chain factories to quickly build chains to reduce blockchain development costs and promote the implementation of blockchain commercial applications. . NULS proposes a modular thinking and multi-chain parallel micro-service architecture, adhering to the development concept with "chain" as the core, and creating a core product "chain factory". Based on NULS, users can flexibly choose core functional modules such as network modules, consensus modules, storage modules, ledger modules, and smart contracts to create new blockchains in the NULS chain network, and can also define themselves through smart contracts with little programming work business logic.

1. Project introduction

NULS (NULS) is a blockchain infrastructure that provides customizable services and is a global blockchain open source community project. NULS adopts the idea of micro-services, realizes a highly modular underlying architecture, uses technologies such as smart contracts and cross-chains, and combines the ability of chain factories to quickly build chains to reduce blockchain development costs and promote blockchain business The application landed.

Application scenario

Provide flexible and easy-to-use blockchain infrastructure:
NULS provides developers and users with a variety of modules. Developers and users do not need to study the underlying technical details such as cryptography, consensus mechanism, and storage methods. They can directly select the required modules from the module warehouse of the chain factory according to their business and configure parameters to quickly build a blockchain. Blockchain commercial cost.

Support a large number of blockchain application scenarios:
At the application level, it can be expected that blockchain-based applications will gradually enter the work and life of institutions and even individuals. NULS provides the ability to quickly build chains through modularization. Through cross-chain technology, it provides data and asset circulation capabilities between different blockchains, and provides Turing's complete programmability through smart contracts, which can support various application scenarios in the future.

Driving the commercial implementation of blockchain:
Commercial applications have extremely high performance requirements. NULS is committed to solving the performance limitation of existing blockchains. It adopts parallel expansion technology and builds multiple independent Chains, distribute services to each chain, and use cross-chain technology to communicate between chains to meet the tens of millions of TPS requirements.

Technical Overview

Micro-service architecture:
NULS takes the lead in laying out the micro-service architecture, introducing micro-service ideas into the underlying infrastructure design of the blockchain to split the software into multiple services that can be deployed independently. Advanced design ideas are introduced into the module design, the purpose is to make each module as flexible as an independent program, and the development of a single module can support multiple programming languages.

Under this architecture, the coupling between modules is smaller. Multilingual development greatly improves the contribution of code and the convenience of users. At the same time, each module is easier to expand, and the modules support distributed deployment. , which makes hot swapping of modules easier. We call this whole architecture design NULS 2.0. At the same time, the chain factory and cross-chain will also be designed on this architecture.

NULS's microservice architecture design is divided into three layers:
The first layer is the microservice infrastructure layer;
The second layer is the blockchain basic service layer;
The third layer is the DApp application layer.

This framework enables developers to develop more advanced application systems on the second layer (such as the distributed system of the exchange, and the data service system can be built on the second layer). What is built on the NULS system is not only multiple chains and multiple DApps, but also other large, medium and small Internets that are not blockchains.

Modularization:
Business applications are ever-changing and technology upgrades are changing with each passing day. The NULS community recognizes that technology upgrades and the development of business application logic are unpredictable. Forms the module repository. The design of NULS follows the principle of "everything is a module", and uses modularity to support technology updates and application adaptation.

Consensus mechanism - POC:
The modular design of NULS supports the replacement and insertion of all core functional modules including the consensus mechanism. The NULS main network adopts the credit consensus mechanism POC (Proof-Of-Credit) by default. When the node credit reaches the standard, a certain amount of NULS can be locked to join the consensus. After the consensus nodes are reordered, blocks will be generated in each round, and the locked NULS will be unlocked when exiting the consensus.

1. Consensus entry and exit mechanism
Anyone can join the NULS consensus at any time, as long as they meet the conditions and abide by the rules, they can continue to receive NULS Token rewards. The addition of POC is divided into hard indicators and soft indicators. The rigid index means that the credit score must reach a certain standard line, and exclude some nodes that have done evil. The soft indicator means that a certain amount of NULS must be locked as a deposit. In order to prevent the flooding of nodes and make the whole system more fair, the number of locked NULS is limited by a minimum value. Anyone can choose freely. Locked NULS The amount will be linked to the final reward.

2. Credit rating
In the NULS network, credit is the integrity coefficient of an account in the system, and the credit of all accounts will be automatically calculated through the credit rating algorithm formula within the interval [-1,1].

Credit evaluation formula:
Credit base = ability coefficient+responsibility coefficient
Ability coefficient: calculated based on the number of historical blocks
Responsibility coefficient: calculated based on violations and correctness of blocks

3. Consensus Reward
For the balance and fairness of the entire NULS network, the consensus reward is calculated based on the deposits submitted by all consensus nodes and the credit of consensus nodes.

4. General Consensus Mechanism
NULS is a set of common underlying blockchain infrastructure. It does not run any application services on its main network, and all application services are run by parallel blockchains. Through the chain factory products of NULS, the block chain based on the module warehouse can be quickly deployed, and various operating parameters can be flexibly customized, including whether to support the basic Token, encryption algorithm, consensus mechanism, storage mechanism, etc.

NULS defines a general consensus module to provide an interface compatible with different consensus mechanisms. The NULS community will continue to develop consensus mechanisms such as POW, DPOS, POS, PBFT, and POOL verification pools for users to choose freely.

NULS smart contract:
NULS has built-in NVM as the virtual machine of the smart contract module. From the perspective of module structure, the NULS smart contract module is between the external service module (such as RPC module) and the underlying facility module (such as network module, storage module, account module, etc.), other modules such as account module and network module provide underlying support for smart contracts.

Smart contracts are defined by upper-layer applications, interpreted by interpreters, stored by storage modules, and run by NVM. The NULS smart contract interpreter will support multiple high-level programming languages. Application developers can use their familiar language to design NULS smart contracts.

Cross-chain:
The blockchain (blockchain in the ecosystem) based on the NULS module warehouse can add cross-chain modules through module selection to realize intercommunication between the underlying layer and NULS.

For public chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin that follow different protocols from NULS, a special mechanism is required to implement protocol conversion, and to adapt the protocols of other public chains to the NULS cross-chain protocol to achieve a unified protocol communication Purpose.

All blockchains only communicate with the NULS main network. The NULS main network is responsible for the verification of transactions, and each parallel chain trusts the verification results of the NULS main network.

The assets on each blockchain can be circulated to any chain in the NULS ecosystem that accepts the transfer of assets from external chains through cross-chain methods, and only a small cost is required.

The cross-chain technology of NULS has the following characteristics:
1. The NULS main network uses the POC consensus mechanism, combined with the Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism to realize the confirmation and packaging of cross-chain transactions, so as to achieve decentralization, performance and security. ;
2. Each node on the NULS main network will be connected to multiple nodes of multiple blockchains. Because the protocol is a uniformly defined NULS cross-chain protocol, it is possible for a single node to connect to different blockchains at the same time. Multiple nodes;
3. The NULS main network provides a chain management mechanism to manage all peer-to-peer blockchains registered on the NULS main network. The registered content includes chain information, asset information, cross-chain deposit, etc.;
4. When a blockchain receives assets from other chains, it needs to generate corresponding assets in this chain. Tokens on different blockchains are stored as assets on other chains;
5. The details of assets transferred from one blockchain to other chains will be stored in the NULS main network, and the assets transferred out of this Blockchain will be verified and illegal assets are not allowed to be generated from the blockchain. Malicious blockchains will be dealt with through community mechanisms, such as: suspending cross-chain, suspending cross-chain, confiscating security deposits, etc. ;
6. The NULS main network will provide API manuals, and any developer can develop their own wallets, browsers, light wallets and other tools according to the manuals;
7. The NULS main network provides protocols for application extensions , you can use this protocol for DApp development and cross-chain protocol optimization.

Two. Comment

NULS is a global blockchain open source community project and a blockchain infrastructure that provides customizable services. NULS has developed a set of industrial blockchain technology standards, following the principles of hot-swappable, modular, and parallel expansion, and providing functions such as scalable consensus, network, ledger, account, block management, chain management, transaction management, and event bus module. Building a blockchain based on NULS is like assembling a computer with CPU, hard disk, memory, and motherboard. Users can freely choose modules such as consensus, network, ledger, and account to assemble a chain that suits their needs. This chain is not limited to public chains, but can also be alliance chains or private chains.

1. Project introduction

Two. Comment

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