The Universa platform can be used to iterate cryptographic ledger technology and has been proven to have eight years of successful Bitcoin transactions in currency distribution and is suitable for the required tools to Address essential business issues and government compliance. With orders of magnitude higher physical throughput, built-in support for verifying file authenticity, and a network of trusted attestation nodes, Universa is able to provide the availability necessary to give businesses new avenues to adopt. With the rapid development of Bitcoin and Ethereum technology to meet more and more consumer needs, Universa will continue to explore more granular blockchain adoption methods, using distributed innovation to meet the reliability and security needs of enterprises.

1. Project introduction

In the key business derived from traditional blockchain technology, Universa does not rely on participants who are not trusted by the public. Our partners own and operate Universa system nodes; they must be approved and authorized by Universa Corporation. It must be trusted, trained, and audited; and, guaranteed to be available, fast, and secure. In addition to incentivized mining (a wasteful activity that unnecessarily consumes gigawatts of global power generation per hour, with no yield), all nodes are rewarded through transaction fees for their participation in contract confirmation and execution. The only "job" of Universa's cloud machines is to process mission-critical data and execute contracts, and there is no need for expensive GPU hardware. In the global unknown field, sensitive business data will not be stored lightly and unconsciously, and data encryption and management need to be implemented through best practice organization security practices, so that enterprises can finally trust the blockchain of sensitive or private business processes.

The Universa platform is supported by the Universa network - a large number of Universa core nodes (code-named "Notarization Cloud") that include the Universa blockchain and support the Universa secure signature document service. The blockchain only needs to ensure the validity of the transaction state, while the notarization cloud acts as a verifiable repository for the original contract signatures.

For example, if a contract is executed, defining a "token" asset and distributing 1 token to each of 10000 parties, then only the entire blockchain (approximately 90 words section), rather than fully recording all 10,000 transactions and all user account balances, as is the case with Bitcoin or Ethereum; therefore, in the detailed execution of information synchronization on this blockchain , future nodes connected to the network will benefit from a size reduction of over 99.99%. And, only a short hash of the current state needs to be kept at that block height for verification purposes. In addition, since it is necessary to use a non-loop directed graph (DAG) instead of a purely synchronous and ordered blockchain, the hashes of each contract are aggregated into the Universa main chain, and it is possible to perform asynchronous actions of different contracts, re-realize disorder, and will still yield the same final global hash state.

The network is designed in such a way that the contract and its execution - "one transaction" - and only one action at a time, transmitted by the current contract state and the source of the action to be performed all nodes. The operation is taken by hashing and verifying the state and source, and as the current stored state of the contract sidechain ("C-chain"). The new state is then hashed and agreed upon by 90% consensus; after a short period (currently 10 days), nodes are free to discard the contract and state - hashed and signed subsequently stored in the notarization cloud. The original contract can be provided to the nodes and its authenticity verified - only the hashes need to be kept in bulk at each node. In this way, the speed of transactions can be greatly improved, and the size of the blockchain can be reduced so that its information is just enough to verify the complete historical ledger. In order to verify a specific C chain, such as a triple ledger record of the validity of a currency-like contract balance, participants can retain contract origin and transaction history (verified by the notary cloud when required), re-transact, and In the current state of the ledger, compare the hash to the current value.

Technical Overview

Blockchain
The Universa blockchain is a cooperative ledger of state changes performed by permissioned and trusted nodes, capable of processing thousands or tens of thousands of Tens of thousands of transactions (±20,000TPS, http://access.universa.io). It can execute the contract on the client side and use the 90% consensus algorithm to verify its output content when creating each new block, so as to achieve the aforementioned state. There is no need to store the full history of all transactions in the blockchain, as it is the responsibility of the parties responsible for it to store it in the sidechain. Anything that normally needs to be stored on another platform’s blockchain, such as transaction records, contract provenance, and digital signatures, can then be verified for authenticity through the relevant notarization cloud service. Among them, the relevant notarization cloud service is responsible for processing assets and their digital signatures, but is separate and differentiated from the blockchain (improving transaction speed and synchronization time).

State Proof
The main function of the Universa node is to execute the contract and verify the state. Instead of relying on ancient mining techniques that consume clock cycles for no reason, in Universa, new blocks are allowed to be created, participating as approval nodes. So instead of waiting for new blocks to be mined, state changes can occur at any time, verified by trusted participants, and often unanimously approved on a scale of less than ten milliseconds. Each individual contract maintains its own state chain, so contracts can execute actions asynchronously without blocking or affecting other contracts, and the combined state changes together form a directed acyclic graph (“DAG”), thus constitute the blockchain itself.

Smart contract
Usually, Universa smart contract just refers to the executable script data stored in the tree structure. Its information storage format is "key-value"; each key has a globally unique address, and the value can be a fixed value, binary executable logic, dynamic script execution, or even a reference to other trees or addresses, etc., while Nested representation structures of almost any complexity are allowed.

Universa smart contract scripts are Turing-complete; in simple terms, it means that scripts can execute other scripts and include programmable logic of significant complexity. In some cases, the appropriate logic to perform a particular action and/or management may be too complex to be expressed as a set of configuration properties. For example, you might want to tie stocks to external data, such as the dollar exchange rate or a set of stock indexes, allowing stocks to be sold only under certain circumstances. Although, it is almost impossible to include all such possible scenarios in the contract specification, this can be easily achieved by storing executable scripts in the contract. Signature scripts are immutable within the contract and can execute any complex smart logic, check complex conditions, fire specific triggers and perform further related actions as needed.

So, in general, the smart contract tree can create smart contracts. It represents a set of smart contracts and can reference and confirm each other. A C chain represents a group of related files in the real world. The characteristics of each new C-chain are determined based on its first new smart contract. But, again, the blockchain cannot store the contract itself, only its current state. Also, the contracts themselves are stored by other entities. For example, flash cards or hidden clouds. This also means that smart contract accounting can be facilitated by any infrastructure, whether through Amazon servers or in-house hardware. Moreover, since the node that signed the execution and accepted the transaction status is still required to verify, all participants of the Universa platform can still trust the result.

Additional files
Smart contracts can include ownership of real-world objects, such as items of intellectual property (IP) as attachments, or contracts for the purchase of certain properties (usually another smart contract).

Any file can be added inside the contract itself, or used as a signature verification link for large files (to prevent changing files). When executing a functional contract, the Universa client checks the corresponding content of the link. After the notarization cloud, the contract is verified and a timestamp is provided. The maximum contract size is 1GB.

Timestamp
Another important feature of the Universa function contract is the timestamp. When the contract state is sent from the client to the Universa node, the last one needs to check and prove its stored state and time of occurrence. Since the notarization cloud can be executed within one second, when Universa verifies or rejects the contract and supports the legal use of Universa smart contracts, the accurate verification or rejection time can be known.

Mark
Sometimes, you need to be able to prove the past state of a smart contract; if you need to refer to the state of the contract at a specific point in time, you can create a "marker". This is a special small-scale smart contract that can prove and store the past state of the required contract for a period of 2 years.

Nodes
Each Universa node is a peer host that stores Universa network results. Each node is trusted because it is owned by a well-known qualified owner, the legal entity responsible for running the notary service. It runs on regular Unix servers and includes a dynamic copy of the ledger. When a client sends a smart contract to Universa, it is first checked by the Universa client traveling along known nodes. If only a few parties sign on the smart contract, Universa nodes only store its state for 10 days. If the node refuses to register the smart contract, its status will be kept for 30 days to prevent fraud.

Second, comments

The Universa platform can be used to iterate cryptographic ledger technology and is proven to have eight years of successful Bitcoin transactions in currency distribution and is suitable for the required Tools to address essential business issues and government compliance. With orders of magnitude higher physical throughput, built-in support for verifying file authenticity, and a trusted network of authenticating nodes, Universa is able to provide the availability necessary to give businesses new avenues to adopt. With the rapid development of Bitcoin and Ethereum technology to meet more and more consumer needs, Universa will continue to explore more granular blockchain adoption methods, using distributed innovation to meet the reliability and security needs of enterprises.

Related links:

https://www.universa.io/
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